Many
think that the Pahari are the indigenous people, Free. This may have
happened because of the stories of origin among the Pahari and Free and
also because of the closeness of both their languages with the language
of the Newars. The word, Free, may also owe its origins to the fact
that, among the ethnic group, Kunwar (Kambar), there was the
traditional practice of roaming from village to village every year
conducting the ‘Pheri' ceremony, and from this the group may have come
to be known as Free (Thapa, 2057). Although Frees are said to live also
in Makawanpur and Sindhupalchok while the Paharia have been found only
in Lalitpur and Kavre. Some researchers, in their different
publications, have written Free in some places and Pahari in some
places while referring to the same subject (Gautam, BS2051/51; Gautam
and Thapa Magar, 1994:141-154). Nevertheless, popular legends have it
that the Newar kings exiled the indigenous peoples, Frees, from their
palaces terming them dirty (Phohari in Nepali), and since then Frees
have been roaming and keeping themselves safe from the predications of
the state in the forests, rivers and outskirts of the districts around
Kathmandu Valley. And although people calling themselves Pahari or
Kambar have been found, no individual belonging to the indigenous
people, Free, has been found during the course of researches (Thapa,
BS2057).
According to materials related to the Free, their habitat is the
districts of Sindhupalchok, Kavrepalanchok, Makawanpur and Lalitpur.
They live in Bhadikhel, Sikarpa, Phawe, Lele, Topal and Godavari of
Lalitpur and Betini and Kulekhani of Makawanpur. They call themselves
Kambar. Some are of the opinion that Frees are Newars who have
intermarried with Tamangs. Frees also call themselves Chhetri (Gautam
and Thapa Magar, ibid).
The census of 2001 does not mention Frees. The culture and rituals
of Free have more affinity with those of Pahari, although they appear
to be influenced by the culture of Newars and Tamangs. The naming
ceremony of the child occurs on the seventh day of birth. The main
activity during the ceremony is the Nangchuri purification ritual to be
undergone at the hands of the ancestral family barber. The hair and
nails are cut and cleaned during the Nangchuri ceremony. The other
practices of Frees are similar to those of Pahari. Frees consider
beaten rice, soybean and ginger as important food items. The sacred
fire is not constructed during marriage ceremonies. The dead body is
cremated, and those accompanying the dead to cremation are provided
with beaten rice to eat. Some Frees raise pigs. Unlike Newars, Free
women pierce their nose, they cover themselves up to the knee with a
piece of cloth, Phariya. After three days following marriage, the
mother comes to the son-in-law's house to give sindur to her doughter.
Frees celebrate Diwali Puja, Bhume Puja, Kushe Aunshi, Tihar and other
festivals. Alcohol is used for the worship of ancestors.
As among the Pahari when Free women marry outside their own group, the
children born of such union claim descent from the mother's side. This
shows that the Frees also had a matriarchal society at some time in the
past. Frees live in joint families. Guthi is the primary social
organization of Frees, which undertakes important ceremonies from life
to death. Like the Pahari Free worship the demon-like figure of the
deity. Banijkhane as well as the deity, Gambar, which is not
represented in the form of a statue. Living on the outskirts of towns
business profession has gradually come to take hold among Frees, and
they have begun to sell milk, vegetables, etc. Their main profession,
however, is farming. Despite being involved in farming, the economic
condition of Frees is very bad. Frees also weave baskets and other
materials of bamboo.
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